Real-time monitoring is crucial in solar power plants to optimize performance, detect faults preemptively, and accelerate return on investment.
Considering monitoring objectives:

• Real-time and historical energy production data can be monitored to compare performance with expectations and identify deviations.
• By tracking instantaneous values of panels, inverters, and other equipment, their efficiencies can be examined, and potential issues and precautions can be diagnosed early.
• Environmental factors such as solar radiation, temperature, and wind speed can be monitored, and their effects on energy production can be analyzed to make decisions on plant optimization.
• Real-time monitoring enables the detection of existing and potential faults, facilitating repair actions and preventing energy losses.

For monitoring:

• Monitor energy production, system efficiency, environmental factors, fault records, and performance metrics in real time,
• Track fault and error history and monitor cleaning and maintenance programs monthly,
• Monitor panel degradation rate and plant maintenance costs, evaluate investment returns, and annually track insurance and warranty conditions.

Construction stages for a solar power plant with completed planning and permitting processes include:

• Mobilization of installation teams, identification of equipment and depot areas,
• Field leveling works to arrange the terrain and surrounding boundaries with wire fences,
• Assembly of the supporting structure system,
• Mounting of solar panels onto the supporting structure,
• Installation of transformers, cells, inverters, and substations,
• Installation of cable channels and assembly works,
• Completion of administrative building and construction works,
• Conducting tests, commissioning, and completing acceptance procedures.

In scenarios where all equipment is ready, rooftop projects with an average project size of 1 MW typically take about 1.5 months to complete.

The duration of ground-mounted projects varies depending on site conditions and the distances of energy transmission lines. However, in ideal scenarios, 1 MW projects are completed in approximately two months.

During the operational period, expert personnel perform preventive/periodic maintenance in both electrical and mechanical aspects to maintain the facility's availability and PR ratio at optimum levels, aiming to prevent investor financial losses. Warranty services cover all problems related to GES electrical and mechanical labor during the EPC contract period (average 2 - 3 years).

Additionally, the equipment used in GES (panels, structures, inverters, transformers, etc.) is covered by manufacturer warranties. EntekSENS tracks and coordinates manufacturer warranties throughout the operational period.

Operations & Maintenance include fault maintenance, preventive/periodic maintenance, on-site monitoring and remote performance tracking, reconciliation consultancy service, carbon management, central backup equipment, and inventory management.

Fault Maintenance: Intervention with expert teams in electrical and mechanical maintenance areas within 24 hours in case of a fault.

Preventive / Periodic Maintenance: Includes routine maintenance and panel cleanings that may vary according to field conditions for optimum performance.

On-site Monitoring and Remote Performance Tracking: Continuous monitoring is carried out 24/7 with a central monitoring system.

Reconciliation Consultancy Service and Carbon Management: Entek's trading team consults on monthly reconciliations with distribution companies as per the Regulation on Unlicensed Electricity Production.

Central Backup Equipment and Inventory Management: This involves managing spare equipment and inventory to prevent production loss during periodic maintenance or faults.

Operations & Maintenance activities, being non-one-time processes, begin to show their real impact when performed periodically. EntekSENS performs Operations & Maintenance services quarterly, semi-annually, and annually.

From an engineering perspective, each topic is meticulously examined compared to other EPC firms to prevent any negatives during the investment process.

Regarding procurement, EntekSENS aims to provide competitive prices to investors through its purchasing power and supplier portfolio.

In terms of field operations, EntekSENS stands out from other EPCs with its expert field engineers and employees, ensuring that the contracted work and specifications are adhered to and reported to investors at Koç Holding standards.

• Optimization of panel placement and angle.
• Regular cleaning of panels
• Minimization of shading issues.
• Utilization of monitoring systems.
• Use of high-quality equipment.
• Integration of technologies for regular monitoring and maintenance when necessary.

Carbon Footprint measures greenhouse gas emissions and, consequently, the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere through renewable energy sources. Renewable energy sources do not produce CO2 emissions during direct electricity generation.

Certain precautions are essential to protect Solar Energy Systems against harsh weather conditions. The most critical measures include:

• Rain and Moisture Resistance: Solar panels, other equipment, and connections should be made of waterproof and moisture-resistant materials.
• Snow Load Resistance: Panel surfaces should be designed to withstand snow loads and prevent accumulation to enhance efficiency.
• Temperature Changes: Resistant materials should be used, considering temperature changes, and the effects, such as thermal expansion of panels, should be taken into account.
• Wind Resistance: Installations should be securely made and properly fastened with appropriate connections.
• Lightning and Overcurrent Protection: Good grounding systems and suitable overcurrent protection devices should be used.

Reconciliation in unlicensed projects generally refers to the balancing process between the project's electricity production and consumption. This balancing involves selling excess electricity to the grid when production exceeds consumption and purchasing electricity from the grid when consumption exceeds production.

Reconciliation ensures the efficient use of solar energy systems, reducing energy costs and providing additional income.

Our Eltek Trading team provides reconciliation and carbon consultancy services under Operations & Maintenance.

This Regulation determines the procedures and principles to be applied to natural or legal persons who can produce electrical energy without the obligation to obtain a license and establish a company to meet their electricity needs from their production facilities. It aims to ensure the integration of small-scale production facilities into the national economy and effectively use small-scale production resources.

Bifacial panels can absorb and generate sunlight from front and rear surfaces, unlike standard single-sided panels. As they can absorb sunlight from the rear surface, they have a lower reflection coefficient. This means that reflections from surroundings, such as snow, concrete, or water surfaces, can enhance the panel's performance. Bifacial panels have higher energy efficiency compared to single-sided panels.

The EntekSENS engineering team designs solar energy systems that will provide maximum benefit to investors in line with their expectations through field surveys, considering the site, location, and all physical conditions, and selecting equipment suitable for technology requirements and innovations.

Photovoltaic panels produce electricity using solar energy, a clean, renewable, and sustainable energy source. The cells within photovoltaic panels absorb sunlight and generate electrical current through their semiconductor material.

Currently, widely used photovoltaic panels are made of P-type MonoPERC monocrystalline cells. However, it is predicted that panels using N-type TopCON and HJT cells, which provide higher efficiency, will become more prominent in the industry.

TopCON technology offers 26% higher efficiency compared to traditional panels. This technology can make significant improvements with changes in current production processes.